Multiple Sclerosis Glossary
Abnormal Reflexes: Muscle responses to a stimulus, 当中枢神经系统出现故障时哪一种会增加.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)肾上腺素:由脑下垂体产生的激素,刺激肾上腺产生可的松.
Attack:多发性硬化症引起的新症状突然发作或旧症状加重. 一般来说,这些症状必须持续24小时以上才被认为是发作. This also may be called an exacerbation or relapse.
Ataxia: Inability to properly coordinate movement. This usually refers to walking and movement of the arms.
Autoimmune Disease免疫系统出现问题并对自身细胞或组织产生反应的情况.
Autonomic Nervous System: Portion of the peripheral nervous system, not under voluntary control, that governs "automatic" functions like sweating, heart rate, sexual functions and bowel movement.
Central Nervous System (CNS): This system consists of the brain and spinal cord, where many bodily functions are controlled, 许多感觉被处理,信号被发送到身体的不同部位. 受中枢神经系统影响的功能包括肌肉控制、视力、呼吸和记忆. The CNS is distinguished from the peripheral nervous system, 哪一个涉及到肌肉和其他身体部位之间的实际神经.
Cerebellum: Part of the brain, located at the base, that controls balance.
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)脑脊液一种水状液体,包围并浸湿大脑和脊髓.
CSF Protein这种蛋白通常溶解在脊髓液中,可以测量. It may be increased when there is inflammation.
Cortisone肾上腺激素,已知具有抗炎和抑制免疫系统的特性. Also called glucocorticoid or steroid.
Cytokinest细胞释放的信使化学物质,向免疫系统或其他器官的其他组成部分发出信号并动员它们.
Decubitus:指对身体某些部位造成过度压力的体位, which can lead to the eventual breakdown of skin and underlying tissue. Decubitus sores also are called bed sores or pressure sores.
Demyelinating Disease: A disease causing loss (or damage) of myelin. 多发性硬化症是中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的一个例子, although other conditions also can lead to dymyelination.
Demyelination: Abnormal process that leads to the loss or breakdown of myelin.
Dementia: A deteriorated mental state due to a disease process. It can result from many disorders of the nervous system.
Dexamethasone (Decadron): A high potency glucocorticoid, or steroid, which is used to decrease swelling and inflamation in the nervous system.
Diplopia: Double vision.
Dysarthria: Slurring of speech.
Dysphagia吞咽困难,通常是由于食道无力或痉挛造成的.
Evoked Potentials: Diagnostic tests done using stimulation of the special senses, such as seeing, hearing and feeling, to assess the function in these CNS neural pathways.
Exacerbation: See Attack.
Edema身体组织中含有过多液体的一种状态. For example, when there is swelling of the tissue.
Gamma Globulin:在正常人血清和脑脊液中发现的特定蛋白质,在多发性硬化症患者的脑脊液中有70%至80%的增加.
Immune Defect:描述免疫系统故障的总称,免疫系统对外来物质没有反应,不能破坏或中和外来物质, or where the immune system erroneously destroys normal body structures, such as with an auto-immune disease. Examples of the latter condition are lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
Immune System由人体内许多不同的结构(淋巴结)组成, bone marrow, thymus gland, etc.),产生某些类型的白细胞和抗体,这些白细胞和抗体具有破坏或中和各种细菌的能力, poisons and other foreign substances.
Incontinence: Inability to control the urinary bladder or bowels.
Intrathecal: Within the spinal canal.
Lhermitte's Sign颈部向前弯曲时,背部中部有刺痛感. 这可能发生在不同的情况下,包括脊髓的颈部部分,有时也会在手臂和腿部感觉到.
Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)将针插入椎管以获取脑脊液样本和/或在鞘内注射特殊材料.
Lymphocytopheresis: Removal of white blood cells from the blood.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)一种利用磁场产生人体深层内部结构图像的技术.
Myelin脂肪物质,在人体内的大部分神经纤维周围起绝缘体的作用. Myelin is found in the central as well as the peripheral nervous system.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): CNS disorder characterized by worsening, or exacerbations, and improvements, called remission, of symptoms. This leaves multiple scars, called plaques, in the CNS. Common symptoms include loss of strength, difficulty with balance and bladder control, numbness and tingling, and blurred or double vision.
Neurogenic Bladder膀胱控制功能紊乱的一种情况. Symptoms include frequent or urgent urination, loss of the urge sensation, 即使有排尿的冲动也不能排空膀胱或膀胱失控, which then empties itself irregularly and spontaneously.
Nystagmus: Abnormal eye movements consisting of repetitive jerks.
Oligoclonal Bands (Immunoglobulin G)特异性γ球蛋白在80%的多发性硬化症患者中增加.
Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the nerve which connects the eye with the brain. This can cause blurring or loss of vision and occasionally pain.
Paresis: Weakness, usually in the arms and legs.
Paresthesias异常感觉包括但不限于刺痛、收缩和不适.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of all of the nerves in the body, outside the CNS, 它们将中枢神经系统的信号传递到肌肉和器官,也将身体的信号传递到中枢神经系统.
Plaque: Patchy area of inflammation, 中枢神经系统脱髓鞘和硬化,这是多发性硬化症损伤的特征.
Plasmapheresis血浆:从血液中取出血浆或不含细胞的血液液体部分. 这种液体含有抗体,清除抗体是一种实验性治疗多发性硬化症的方法.
Position Sense:能够感觉到手指或脚趾的轻微运动,并知道身体部位在空间中的位置.
Remission由多发性硬化症引起的一种或多种神经症状的改善或完全消失.
Romberg's Sign站立时双脚并拢,眼睛闭着,无法保持平衡.
Scanning Speech: A type of slurred speech resulting from involvement of the cerebellum. This also is called explosive or ataxic speech.
Spasticity由于中枢神经系统疾病过程,肌肉拉伸阻力增加,腿部和/或手臂肌肉失去正常弹性. 通常表现为肌肉僵硬,这可能导致移动胳膊和腿的困难.
Tremor: Various rhythmic involuntary movements involving the arms, legs or head, 发生在许多疾病和状况中,在类型和严重程度上差别很大.
Urodynamic Testing膀胱的专门诊断测试,测量泌尿系统的功能完整性.
Vertigo: Dizziness or a spinning sensation.
Visual Evoked Potential (VEP): See Evoked Potentials.
Visual Field:在不改变位置的情况下,单眼看得到的向各个方向延伸的空间的一部分.
White Blood Cells:在正常人体血液或脊髓液中发现的细胞,已知具有保护特性,是免疫系统的一部分.
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